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San Miguel, Bulacan

Coordinates: 15°08′45″N 120°58′42″E / 15.14583°N 120.97833°E / 15.14583; 120.97833
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San Miguel
San Miguel de Mayumo
Municipality
Municipality of San Miguel
San Miguel Municipal Hall
San Miguel Municipal Hall
Flag of San Miguel
Flag
Official seal of San Miguel
Seal
Map of Bulacan with San Miguel highlighted
Map of Bulacan with San Miguel highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
San Miguel is located in Philippines
San Miguel
San Miguel
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 15°08′45″N 120°58′42″E / 15.14583°N 120.97833°E / 15.14583; 120.97833
CountryPhilippines
RegionCentral Luzon
ProvinceBulacan
District 3rd district
FoundedSeptember 29, 1725
Chartered1874
Barangays49 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Bayan
 • mayor of San Miguel[*]Roderick D. Tiongson
 • Vice MayorJohn A. Alvarez
 • RepresentativeLorna C. Silverio
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electorate100,163 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
 • Total231.40 km2 (89.34 sq mi)
Elevation
20 m (70 ft)
Highest elevation
54 m (177 ft)
Lowest elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total172,073
 • Rank16 out of 1,489 Municipalities
 • Density740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
 • Households
40,269
Economy
 • Income class1st municipal income class
 • Poverty incidence
18.05
% (2021)[4]
 • Revenue₱ 434.1 million (2020), 189.8 million (2012), 211.8 million (2013), 235.2 million (2014), 265.8 million (2015), 296.1 million (2016), 348 million (2017), 366.8 million (2018), 415.6 million (2019), 463.4 million (2021), 643.4 million (2022)
 • Assets₱ 892.2 million (2020), 264.5 million (2012), 289.6 million (2013), 331.2 million (2014), 398.1 million (2015), 512.7 million (2016), 658 million (2017), 719.3 million (2018), 790.3 million (2019), 955.2 million (2021), 1,170 million (2022)
 • Expenditure₱ 382.9 million (2020), 168.5 million (2012), 177.1 million (2013), 169.1 million (2014), 202.1 million (2015), 218.4 million (2016), 254.9 million (2017), 285.9 million (2018), 336.1 million (2019), 408.1 million (2021), 480.6 million (2022)
 • Liabilities₱ 485.8 million (2020), 217.9 million (2012), 232.5 million (2013), 239.1 million (2014), 277.1 million (2015), 324 million (2016), 385.3 million (2017), 398.9 million (2018), 418.2 million (2019), 518.2 million (2021), 595.3 million (2022)
Utilities
 • ElectricityMeralco
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
3011
PSGC
031421000
IDD : area code +63 (0)44
Native languagesTagalog
Kapampangan

San Miguel, officially the Municipality of San Miguel (Tagalog: Bayan ng San Miguel, Kapampangan: Balen ning San Miguel), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 172,073 people.[3]

It is the third largest municipality by area in the province after Doña Remedios Trinidad and Norzagaray.

Etymology

[edit]

There are two accounts on the origin of the town's name:

  • According to the 1953 journal History of Bulacan, the town was originally named Mayumo from the Kapampangan term for "sweets". The name San Miguel was added by the Augustinian missionaries who selected Michael the Archangel as the patron saint of the town.[5]
  • An account tells that the two leaders decided to form a town named Miguel De Mayumo after the name of Miguel Pineda and Mayumo, from the Kapampangan term and for the goodwill and generosity of Mariano Puno.

History

[edit]

Spanish colonial era

[edit]
San Miguel Arkanghel Parish Church built by Augustinian missionaries during the Spanish Occupation

The municipality of San Miguel de Mayumo was established in 1763 by Carlos Agustin Maniquiz, Maria Juana Puno - wife of Carlos Agustin Maniquiz and Miguel Pineda, with Pineda as the first town mayor of San Miguel. Miguel Pineda was a native of Angat, Bulacan who decided to settle permanently in the barrio of San Bartolome (now named Barangay Tartaro). He found the place ideal for hunting and was later chosen as the leader of other settlers. He formed an alliance with Mariano Puno, the recognized leader of the adjacent prosperous village called Santo Rosario (now named Barangay Mandile).

The town was previously part of Pampanga, hence San Miguel's culture having Kapampangan influence. In 1848, the town and the neighbouring barrios, which were then part of Pampanga, were added to the territory of the Province of Bulacan.[5]

The Pact of Biak-Na-Bato

[edit]
Main article: Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Biak-na-Bato Heroes and San Miguel Martyrs Monument (foreground) and the old American-era water district tower (background)

During the Philippine Revolution in 1897, newly appointed Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera decided to crush Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops in Cavite, but Aguinaldo fled to Batangas and joined forces with Gen. Miguel Malvar. The Spaniards continue their pursuit but the troops outwitted them by going to the district of Morong (now Rizal) and finally to Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel, Bulacan. Aguinaldo made the mountain caves into his headquarters.[6][7]

Biak-na-Bato (21.17 km2 (8.17 sq mi) in the villages of Kalawakan and Talbak in Doña Remedios Trinidad town and the villages of Biak-na-Bato and Sibul) served as one of the camps of the revolutionary Katipunan forces during the Philippine Revolution. It was declared a national park by Manuel L. Quezon on November 16, 1937, through Proclamation No. 223.[8]

American occupation era

[edit]

Between 1903 and 1906, the adjacent town of San Ildefonso was consolidated with San Miguel due to the former's low income and inability to finance its expenditures in operating the local government.[9] It was later separated from the town to become an independent town of its own when it became capable of meeting its expenses.[10]

Japanese occupation era

[edit]

During World War II, Japanese Imperial ground troops entered and occupied the town municipality of San Miguel on 1942. Local Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary units retreated into the nearby mountains to become the Bulakeño guerrilla resistance against the Japanese occupation forces until the province's liberation.

Philippine independence era

[edit]

San Miguel was the largest town in Bulacan until September 13, 1977, when Doña Remedios Trinidad, the current largest municipality of Bulacan, was established under Presidential Decree No. 1196 during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos.[11]

Contemporary

[edit]

On August 26, 2007, residents at the foot of the Biak-na-Bato mountains petitioned president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to declare the mountains protected areas to stop marble quarrying and mining there.[12]

In August 2014 during a fieldtrip to the Madlum Cave, seven students of Bulacan State University were swept after heavy rains which triggered a flash flood while crossing the Madlum river.[13]

Geography

[edit]

The town of San Miguel is bounded by Nueva Ecija Province in the northernmost area, Pampanga Province in the west, the town is bounded by two provinces with land borders. The town of San Ildefonso, Bulacan lies next to San Miguel in the southernmost area, Doña Remedios Trinidad in the eastmost area which also borders San Rafael and Angat. San Miguel then was the biggest municipality in the province of Bulacan before some areas were taken and annexed to Doña Remedios Trinidad during the term of Ferdinand Marcos. The geographic nature of the town is diversified and multi-faceted, rich in nature's beauty like waterfall, rivers, caves, few mountains, hilly areas and springs. The mainland are plain agricultural lands, some part of which was substantially eroded due to commercialization and urbanization. [citation needed]

San Miguel is 53 kilometers (33 mi) from Malolos and 76 kilometers (47 mi) from Manila.

Climate

[edit]

The prevailing climatic conditions in the municipality is categorized into two types: Wet season and dry season.

  • Wet Season - (Rainy season or Monsoon season)
  • Dry Season - (Summer season)
Climate data for San Miguel, Bulacan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28
(82) 		29
(84) 		31
(88) 		33
(91) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		28
(82) 		30
(86)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		22
(72)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		17
(0.7) 		82
(3.2) 		122
(4.8) 		151
(5.9) 		123
(4.8) 		124
(4.9) 		99
(3.9) 		37
(1.5) 		21
(0.8) 		792
(31.1)
Average rainy days 3.3 2.5 11.7 6.6 17.7 22.2 25.2 23.7 23.2 17.9 9.2 5.2 168.4
Source: Meteoblue [14]

Barangays

[edit]
Political map of San Miguel

San Miguel is politically subdivided into 49 barangays.[15] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios

There are 11 urban and the rest rural barangays in the town.

PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a.
2020[3] 2010[16]
031421001 Bagong Silang 1.1% 1,876 1,625 ▴ 1.45%
031421002 Balaong 1.6% 2,670 2,678 ▾ −0.03%
031421003 Balite 1.5% 2,598 2,365 ▴ 0.94%
031421004 Bantog 2.1% 3,695 3,129 ▴ 1.68%
031421006 Bardias 1.0% 1,636 1,590 ▴ 0.29%
031421007 Baritan 0.9% 1,553 1,351 ▴ 1.40%
031421008 Batasan Bata 1.2% 2,037 2,014 ▴ 0.11%
031421009 Batasan Matanda 1.7% 3,003 2,839 ▴ 0.56%
031421011 Biak‑na‑Bato 1.0% 1,737 1,631 ▴ 0.63%
031421012 Biclat 1.1% 1,870 1,594 ▴ 1.61%
031421013 Buga 0.9% 1,512 1,476 ▴ 0.24%
031421014 Buliran 2.8% 4,862 4,753 ▴ 0.23%
031421015 Bulualto 1.7% 2,873 2,642 ▴ 0.84%
031421016 Calumpang 2.3% 3,980 3,859 ▴ 0.31%
031421019 Cambio 1.1% 1,886 1,902 ▾ −0.08%
031421020 Camias 4.4% 7,560 7,426 ▴ 0.18%
031421021 Ilog‑Bulo 0.9% 1,604 1,554 ▴ 0.32%
031421023 King Kabayo 1.0% 1,662 1,533 ▴ 0.81%
031421024 Labne 0.8% 1,431 1,416 ▴ 0.11%
031421025 Lambakin 1.6% 2,805 2,686 ▴ 0.43%
031421027 Magmarale 1.3% 2,163 2,059 ▴ 0.49%
031421028 Malibay 1.1% 1,935 1,906 ▴ 0.15%
031421030 Mandile 1.1% 1,878 1,752 ▴ 0.70%
031421031 Masalipit 1.7% 2,883 2,583 ▴ 1.10%
031421032 Pacalag 0.7% 1,165 999 ▴ 1.55%
031421033 Paliwasan 1.7% 2,849 2,633 ▴ 0.79%
031421035 Partida 1.9% 3,205 3,164 ▴ 0.13%
031421036 Pinambaran 2.2% 3,860 4,100 ▾ −0.60%
031421037 Poblacion 1.8% 3,127 3,115 ▴ 0.04%
031421038 Pulong Bayabas 1.2% 2,030 1,438 ▴ 3.51%
031421039 Sacdalan 1.3% 2,216 2,160 ▴ 0.26%
031421040 Salacot 1.8% 3,127 3,140 ▾ −0.04%
031421041 Salangan 2.9% 5,056 4,610 ▴ 0.93%
031421043 San Agustin 2.2% 3,755 3,673 ▴ 0.22%
031421044 San Jose 2.9% 4,951 4,805 ▴ 0.30%
031421045 San Juan 5.0% 8,602 6,854 ▴ 2.30%
031421046 San Vicente 1.7% 2,860 3,083 ▾ −0.75%
031421047 Santa Ines 3.5% 6,000 5,572 ▴ 0.74%
031421048 Santa Lucia 1.9% 3,335 3,145 ▴ 0.59%
031421049 Santa Rita Bata 1.7% 2,945 2,853 ▴ 0.32%
031421050 Santa Rita Matanda 1.6% 2,829 2,656 ▴ 0.63%
031421051 Sapang 0.9% 1,632 1,324 ▴ 2.11%
031421052 Sibul 5.9% 10,161 9,322 ▴ 0.87%
031421054 Tartaro 3.5% 6,001 4,506 ▴ 2.91%
031421055 Tibagan 2.1% 3,678 3,249 ▴ 1.25%
031421056 Bagong Pag‑asa 0.8% 1,314 1,226 ▴ 0.70%
031421057 Pulong Duhat 0.8% 1,389 1,030 ▴ 3.03%
031421058 Maligaya 1.2% 2,092 1,847 ▴ 1.25%
031421059 Tigpalas 2.3% 3,994 3,987 ▴ 0.02%
Total 172,073 142,854 ▴ 1.88%

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of San Miguel
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 14,919—    
1918 17,988+1.25%
1939 26,759+1.91%
1948 38,093+4.00%
1960 43,195+1.05%
1970 58,712+3.11%
1975 66,870+2.64%
1980 73,113+1.80%
1990 91,124+2.23%
1995 108,147+3.26%
2000 123,824+2.94%
2007 138,839+1.59%
2010 142,854+1.04%
2015 153,882+1.43%
2020 172,073+2.22%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[17][16][18][19]

In the 2020 census, the population of San Miguel, Bulacan, was 172,073 people,[3] with a density of 740 inhabitants per square kilometer or 1,900 inhabitants per square mile.

Languages

[edit]

The municipality, along with two other municipalities (Remedios Trinidad and Norzagaray) and one city (San Jose del Monte) of Bulacan, is the homeland of the Alta Kabulowan, the first inhabitants of Bulacan, whose language is also called Alta Kabulowan. Their language is currently endangered and is in dire need of local government intervention. The majority of residents in the town are native speakers of the Tagalog language. Due to its proximity with Pampanga towns and it was part of Pampanga, some residents also speak the Kapampangan language.

Religion and Traditions

[edit]

Currently, San Miguel is divided into four parishes and a large number of visitas, all of which are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Malolos. These are Diocesan Shrine and Parish of San Miguel Arcangel located in Brgy. Poblacion; San Jose Esposo de Maria Parish located in Brgy. San Jose; Nuestra Señora delos Remedios Parish located in Brgy. Sibul Springs; and Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish located in Brgy. Salacot.

The traditions are very alive and well-preserved in San Miguel, as shown by the Holy Week processions in the mother church, which include about 60 carrozas. Numerous images of our Lord, the Blessed Mother, and saints, visited this church, such as the Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno of Quiapo and La Purisima Concepcion de Santa Maria. Every May 8, San Miguel holds its town fiesta, and every September 29, it celebrates its Pistang Patron celebration.

The image of our Lady wearing her traditional wedding dress, accompanied by the dancers of the parish.
Procession de los Desposorios

The tradition of Los Desposorios or the Bethrotal of Mary and Joseph is very alive at San Jose Esposo de Maria Parish in Brgy. San Jose. The said parish celebrates its fiesta every 26 November, the traditional date which the Augustinians celebrates the feast of the Bethrotal. It will start with Procesion de los Desposorios and after that, the antique image of Saint Joseph and Our Lady meets at the patio of the parish and the rite of the Renewal of Vows will be conducted.

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of San Miguel

5
10
15
20
2006
13.80
2009
11.80
2012
12.56
2015
10.51
2018
6.51
2021
18.05

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Government

[edit]
San Miguel Welcome Arch from San Ildefonso, Bulacan

Elected officials

[edit]
  • Municipal Mayor: Roderick D. Tiongson (NUP)
  • Municipal Vice Mayor: John "Bong" A. Alvarez (NUP)
  • Sangguniang Bayan Members:
  1. Gerome "Jhong" D. Reyes (NUP)
  2. Romeo C. Dizon (Reform PH-People's Party)
  3. Mary Joy Ann S. Chico (Reform PH-People's Party)
  4. Emmanuel "Emil" D. Magtalas (NUP)
  5. Anika Corinne "Nika" D. Santiago-Tan (NUP)
  6. Joseph Noel P. de Guzman (Reform PH-People's Party)
  7. Mark David "Bong" C. Maon (NUP)
  8. Jayvee C. Lacsina (NUP)
  • ABC President: Crisanto DG. Tiongson
  • Sangguniang Kabataan President: Pol David R. Buencamino

List of Gobernadorcillo

[edit]
Name Term Name Term Name Term Name Term
Miguel Pineda 1763 Ignacio Sandulan 1796 Agapito Santa Ana 1827 Victor Buencamino 1858
Jose Malapandan 1764 Agustin Payawal 1797 Carlos Morales 1828 Norberto Maniquis 1859
Miguel Ligon 1765 1766 Santiago Maniquis 1798 Jacinto Ligon 1829 Eugenio Dantis 1860
Miguel Tecson 1767 Marcos Bondoc 1799 Mariano Tecson 1830 Pedro Santiago 1861
Miguel Bantog 1768 Nicolas Bacaui 1800 Augustin Santiago 1831 Mariano Macapagal 1862
Miguel Ligon 1769 Eusebio Santiago 1801 Isidro Gonzales 1832 Jose Santiago 1863 1864
Esteban Bantog 1770 Francisco Bernabe 1802 Eustaquio Ligon 1833 Bonifacio Pengson 1865 1866
Miguel Ligon 1771 Calixto Yambot 1803 Vicente Ventura 1834 Tomas Tecson 1867 1868
Esteban Sayson 1772 Jose Tuazon 1804 Apolonio Fernando 1835 Antonio David 1869 1870
Eulogio Payawal 1773 Baltazar Pangilinan 1805 Severino Payawal 1836 Pelagio de Leon 1871 1872
Dionisio Maniquiz 1774 Jose Payawal 1806 Andres de la Cruz 1837 Marcelo Velayo Bernardo 1873 1874
Antonio Bacual 1775 Francisco Libunao 1807 Vicente Felix 1838 Flaviano Esguerra 1875 1876
Miguel Ligon 1776 1777 Vicente Sayson 1808 Eusebio Dantis 1839 Juan Buencamino 1877 1878
Dionisio Maniquis 1778 Augustin Maniquis 1809 Atanacio Libunao 1840 Calixto Limpingco 1879
Andres Bondoc 1779 Lorenzo Ligon 1810 Pedro Ligon 1841 Juan de Guzman 1880
Pablo Bondoc 1780 Baltazar Pangilinan 1811 Domingo Pangilinan 1842 Francisco Villarica 1881 1882
Alejandro Dantis 1781 Canuto Dantis 1812 Nicolas Libunao 1843 Potenciano Buencamino 1883 1885
Juan Fernando 1782 Lorenzo Yambot 1813 Tomas Tecson 1844 Valentin Viola 1886
Alejandro Maniquis 1783 Clemente Ligon 1814 Juan Siojo 1845 Jose Santiago 1887
Miguel Ventura 1784 Vicente Tecson 1815 Felipe Gonzales 1846 Evaristo Siojo 1888
Andres Patiag 1785 Pablo Ventura 1816 Mariano P. Joson 1847 Bartolome Viola 1889
Miguel Maniquis 1786 Pantaleon Ligon 1817 Victor Buencamino 1848 Simon Tecson 1890
Domingo Libunao 1787 Vicente Dasig 1818 Fulgencio Santiago 1849 Simon Santiago 1891
Domingo Santa MAria 1788 Blas Maniquis 1819 Vicente Felix 1850 Jose de Leon 1892
Francisco Tecson 1789 Dionisio Fernando 1820 Rufino San Gabriel 1851 Bartolome Viola 1893
Marcos Zapala 1790 Jacinto Santiago 1821 Eugenio Dantis 1852 Lucio Maniquis 1894
Miguel Quiambao 1791 Manuel Bantog 1822 Tranquilino Gabriel 1853 Ciriaco Libunao 1895
Andres Bantog 1792 Narciso Macapagal 1823 Victor Buencamino 1854 Simon T. Libunao 1896
Teodoro Tuazon 1793 Mariano delos Santos 1824 Catalino Ligon 1855 Gregorio Marquez 1897
Miguel Morales 1794 Lorenzo Tecson 1825 Juan Siojo 1856 Simon Tecson 1898 1899
Tibursio Sayson 1795 Lorenzo Ligon 1826 Tibursio Tecson 1857 Jose Buencamino 1900
Teodoro Lim

List of chief executives

[edit]
Name Term Notes
Municipal President
Meliton Carlos 1901 1903
Damaso Sempio 1903 1905
Mariano Tecson 1906 1908
Miguel Siojo 1908 1912
Serafin Tecson 1912 1916
Catalino Sevilla 1916 1919
Juan Buencamino Sr. 1919 1922
Jose Ligon 1922 1925
Eugenio Tecson 1925 1928
Regino Sevilla 1928 1931
Moises V. Ligon 1931 1934
Municipal Mayor
Florentino C. Viola 1934 1938
Regino Sevilla 1938 1940
Eugenio Tecson 1941 1944
Rafael Roura

Luis Santa Maria

Eugenio Tecson

Manuel V. Fernando

1945 Appointed as Alcalde during Philippine Liberation
Eugenio Tecson 1945 1951 Remained in position after World War II
Conrado S. Pascual 1952 1955
Felipe V. Buencamino 1956 1963
Benjamin S. Payawal 1963 1967
Felix M. Tayag 1964 1967
Marcelo Aure 1968 1979 Appointed as Municipal Mayor during Martial Law (Bagong Lipunan) era from 1976 - 1979
Juan F. Dela Cruz 1979 1986 Municipal Mayor during Martial Law (Bagong Lipunan) era
Manuel Lipana 1986 1987 Transitional Municipal Government during 1987 Referendum
Fernando B. Mendez Sr. 1988 1995
Santiago C. Sevilla 1995 2004
Edmundo Jose "Pop" T. Buencamino 2004 2006 Term not finished; suspended due to his case in Sandiganbayan.[28][29]
Roderick DG. Tiongson 2006 2016 Vice Mayor during "Pop" Buencamino's term; sworn into office as Acting Mayor from 2006 - 2007
Marivee Mendez - Coronel 2016 2019 First Female Mayor of San Miguel, Bulacan

Education

[edit]
San Miguel Elementary School

The town has numerous public schools offering elementary and high school education. Some of the elementary public schools are:

  • San Miguel North Central School, in barangay Camias
  • San Miguel South Central Elementary School, located in population center of the town

Some of the public high schools are:

  • San Miguel National High School, located in barangay San Juan
  • John J. Russel Memorial High School, located at Sibul
  • Vedasto R. Santiago High School, located in barangay Salacot
  • Partida High School, located at Partida
  • Balaong High School, annex of San Miguel National High School, located at Barangay Balaong
  • Maligaya High School, annex of Vedasto R. Santiago High School, located at Barangay Maligaya

Some of the private schools offering elementary and pre-elementary education are:

  • D. C. Nicolas School, located in barangay Tigpalas
  • Park Ridge School of Montessori, located in barangay Camias
  • Saint Paul University at San Miguel, located in barangay Salangan
  • School of Mount St. Mary, located in barangay Santa Rita (New)
  • Waminal Achievers Academy, Incorporated, located in population center of the town
  • God's Love Children's Advancement Center, location in Santa Rita (Old)

Some of the tertiary schools are:

  • Bulacan Polytechnic College (San Miguel Campus) in barangay Salacot
  • Integrated College of Business and Technology at barangay Salangan
  • Saint Paul University at San Miguel, located in barangay Salangan
  • Microlink Institute of Science and Technology (San Miguel Campus) in barangay Camias

Notable personalities

[edit]
Tecson House - The house where Emilio Aguinaldo slept before he departed to Pangasinan. The house of Simon Tecson

References

[edit]
  1. ^  Municipality of San Miguel | (DILG)
  2. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Census of Population (2020). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Cruz, Jose; Liwanag, Aurora; Celis, Arturo; Manikis, Filipina; Sambol, Jose; Mendoza, Leticia; Manio, Zenaida; Salamat, Graciana; Trinidad, Lucina; Lorenzo, Victorina (April 1953). "History of Bulacan" (JPG, PDF). National Library of the Philippines Techno Aklatan. Manila, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. p. 39. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  6. ^ Cruz, Jose; Liwanag, Aurora; Celis, Arturo; Manikis, Filipina; Sambol, Jose; Mendoza, Leticia; Manio, Zenaida; Salamat, Graciana; Trinidad, Lucina; Lorenzo, Victorina (April 1953). "History of Bulacan" (JPG, PDF). National Library of the Philippines Techno Aklatan. Manila, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. p. 12. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  7. ^ Cruz, Jose; Liwanag, Aurora; Celis, Arturo; Manikis, Filipina; Sambol, Jose; Mendoza, Leticia; Manio, Zenaida; Salamat, Graciana; Trinidad, Lucina; Lorenzo, Victorina (April 1953). "History of Bulacan" (JPG, PDF). National Library of the Philippines Techno Aklatan. Manila, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. p. 13. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  8. ^ Presidential Decree No. 223 (November 16, 1937), Establishing As Biak-Na-Bato National Park For The Benefit And Enjoyment Of The People Of The Philippines Parcel Of Land Situated In The Municipality Of San Miguel, Province Of Bulacan, Island Of Luzon, retrieved August 5, 2019
  9. ^ Act No. 932 (October 8, 1903), "An Act Reducing the Twenty-five Municipalities of the Province of Bulacan to Thirteen", Senate of the Philippines Legislative Digital Resources, retrieved July 3, 2023
  10. ^ "Bulacan, Philippines: San Ildefonso, Bulacan: History".
  11. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1196 (September 13, 1977), Establishing As Biak-Na-Bato National Park For The Benefit And Enjoyment Of The People Of The Philippines Parcel Of Land Situated In The Municipality Of San Miguel, Province Of Bulacan, Island Of Luzon, retrieved August 5, 2019
  12. ^ Inquirer.net, Bulaceños want Biak-na-Bato declared a protected area
  13. ^ "CA upholds dismissal of Bulacan State University officials over field trip tragedy". Rappler.com. March 28, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  14. ^ "San Miguel: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  15. ^ Philippine Standard Geographic Code listing for San Miguel - National Statistical Coordination Board
  16. ^ a b Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region III (Central Luzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  17. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
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